1. Network Fundamentals (~20%)

• Purpose of networks; LAN, WAN, Internet, intranet, extranet
• Topologies & architectures: star, mesh, spine–leaf; on-prem vs cloud
• Physical interfaces & cabling: UTP/STP, fiber (single/multi-mode), SFP/SFP+ transceivers
• Interface/port configs: speed/duplex, auto-MDI/MDIX
• IPv4/IPv6 addressing & subnetting (CIDR, VLSM, summarization)
• IPv6 types: global unicast, link-local, unique-local, multicast; EUI-64
• Binary/hex conversions; masks & prefix notation
• IP connectivity basics: ARP/ND, ICMP, TTL, MTU, fragmentation
• Wireless basics: 2.4/5 GHz bands, channels, SSID/BSSID, RSSI/SNR
• Virtualization & cloud: VMs, containers; IaaS/PaaS/SaaS
• Switching vs routing; control plane vs data plane
• Common devices: switches, routers, WLCs, APs, firewalls

2. Network Access (~20%)

• VLANs (ranges, voice VLANs), segmentation concepts
• 802.1Q trunking (allowed VLANs, native VLAN)
• Inter-VLAN routing (SVIs, router-on-a-stick concepts)
• Spanning Tree (STP/RSTP): roles/states, root bridge, PortFast, BPDU Guard
• EtherChannel: LACP/PAgP concepts; active/passive/on
• L2 discovery/management: CDP, LLDP
• WLAN components: WLC, lightweight vs autonomous APs
• CAPWAP fundamentals, high-level AP join process
• SSID configuration, deployment models
• Basic L2 security: port security, BPDU Guard, storm control

3. IP Connectivity (~25%)

• Routing table parts: prefix, mask, AD, metric, next hop, outgoing interface
• Static routing (IPv4/IPv6), default routes, floating statics
• Single-area OSPFv2: neighbor basics, DR/BDR concepts, cost/metrics, states
• OSPF configuration & verification (passive interfaces, common show commands)
• First Hop Redundancy concepts (HSRP/VRRP overview)
• Inter-VLAN routing with SVIs (review)
• Path selection and ECMP basics
• Troubleshooting L3 connectivity: ping, traceroute, show ip route, show cdp/lldp

4. IP Services (~10%)

• NAT/PAT: inside/outside, static vs dynamic, overload concepts
• DHCP concepts (server/relay, options, lease); IPv6 SLAAC
• NTP basics (client/server), time synchronization
• DNS records (A/AAAA/CNAME), resolver flow
• SNMP v2c/v3 (polling vs traps, security awareness)
• Syslog levels, timestamps, remote logging
• QoS fundamentals: classification/marking (DSCP/CoS), congestion basics
• Monitoring: NetFlow/IPFIX concepts
• Device mgmt: TFTP/FTP/SFTP, IOS upgrades, config backups

5. Security Fundamentals (~15%)

• Threats: DoS/DDoS, spoofing, phishing, malware; basic mitigations
• Security principles: CIA triad, least privilege
• Device hardening: passwords/secret, service mgmt, login banners
• Secure mgmt: SSH vs Telnet, HTTPS vs HTTP
• AAA concepts: local vs RADIUS/TACACS+, method lists (high-level)
• ACL concepts: standard vs extended, placement, implicit deny
• L2 protections: DHCP snooping, Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI) concepts
• Wireless security: WPA2/WPA3, PSK vs 802.1X (Enterprise), RADIUS overview
• VPN fundamentals: site-to-site vs remote access, IPsec basics (conceptual)
• Segmentation basics: VLANs, ACLs

6. Automation & Programmability (~10%)

• Traditional vs controller-based networking (centralized control plane, SDN)
• Cisco DNA Center / SD-Access concepts (high-level)
• APIs & data formats: REST, JSON, YAML (XML awareness)
• Model-driven programmability: YANG, NETCONF/RESTCONF (concepts)
• Configuration management basics (Ansible concepts, idempotency)
• Python awareness for networking (variables, lists/dicts, simple REST calls)
• Interpreting API responses; reading simple JSON/YAML snippets

Exam-Ready Command/Verification Themes

• Show/verify: interfaces, vlans, spanning-tree, etherchannel, ip route, ip protocols, ospf, cdp/lldp, wireless/WLC
• Common configs: VLANs & SVIs, trunks, port security, OSPF (single area), static routes, NAT, DHCP client/relay, SSH, ACL application

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